Vudu neni ani nahodou jenom o hresteni kulema. Pouziva se v nem rozlysnych drog a jedu. Proto verim ze lecktery saman leckoho zabil, nicmene nikdy to nebylo Nocebo efektem. Jestli se mnou nekdo nesouhlasim prosim o vedeckou studii na toto tema.
Nocebo efekt zabíjí nejen v případě šamanů. Např. jistému Samu Shoemanovi v 70. letech diagnostikovali rakovinu jater a sdělili mu, že mu zbývají jen měsíce života. Shoeman podle očekávání zemřel ve stanoveném čase. Pitva ale ukázala, že se lékaři zmýlili. Nádor byl nepatrný a nerozšířil se.
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THE NOCEBO EFFECT
Anthropologists have pointed out that belief can kill, as well as heal: that the placebo and nocebo effects are two sides of the same phenomenon (Hahn & Kleinman 1983). They have described many examples of the most extreme form of the nocebo effect, known as 'voodoo death' or 'hex death'. Although the exact physiological mechanism involved remains unknown (Lex 1977) a fuller understanding of the phenomenon depends on a knowledge of its context: of the beliefs, values, fears, anxieties and expectations of that community.
In 'voodoo death', a respected figure or healer in the tribe puts a public curse on an unfortunate individual, sometimes by 'pointing the bone'. Shortly afterwards that individual dies, apparently of natural causes. It has been reported in parts of Latin America, Africa, the Pacific, the Caribbean and amongst Australian Aborigines. The French anthropologist Levi-Strauss (1967) has described the atmosphere in such a case:
Shortly thereafter sacred rites are held to dispatch him to the realm of shadows. First brutally torn from all his family and social ties and excluded from all functions and activities through which he experienced self-awareness, then banished by the same forces from the world of the living, the victim yields to the combined terror, the sudden total withdrawal of the multiple reference systems provided by the support of the group, and finally to the group's decisive reversal in proclaiming him—once a living man, with rights and obligations—dead and an object of fear, ritual and taboo.
In this case, a form of social death precedes actual biological death. For that reason, Landy (1977) terms it 'socio cultural death'. Usually 'social death' (the community's ritual farewell to one of its members, at the funeral) follows biological death, after a variable period of time (Hertz 1960). In this
Publication Information: Book Title: Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine: Theory, Practice, and Research. Contributors: David Peters - editor. Publisher: Churchill Livingstone. Place of Publication: Edinburgh. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 14.
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